Phishing

Phishing is a type of cyberattack where attackers impersonate legitimate organizations or individuals to trick users into revealing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card details, or personal data. Typically delivered through email, text messages, or fake websites, phishing relies on social engineering to exploit human trust rather than directly attacking technical systems.

Phishing attacks are one of the most common and damaging cybersecurity threats. They can lead to financial loss, identity theft, unauthorized access to systems, and large-scale data breaches. As attackers use increasingly convincing tactics, businesses and individuals must remain vigilant against phishing attempts.

Advanced

Phishing techniques often include spoofed emails with forged sender addresses, lookalike domains, and links to malicious websites designed to capture login credentials. More advanced forms include spear phishing, which targets specific individuals or organizations, and whaling, which focuses on executives or high-value targets. Clone phishing replicates legitimate emails while inserting malicious links or attachments.

Organizations deploy defenses such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), secure email gateways, domain-based message authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and machine learning systems to detect suspicious patterns. Training programs for employees are also essential, as phishing often bypasses technical barriers by exploiting human error.

Relevance

• Represents one of the most common entry points for cyberattacks.
• Causes significant financial and reputational damage to businesses.
• Targets both individuals and organizations of all sizes.
• Impacts compliance with data protection laws such as GDPR or HIPAA.
• Reinforces the need for employee cybersecurity awareness programs.
• Drives demand for strong authentication and email security tools.

Applications

• A fake banking email tricking customers into entering login details.
• A phishing SMS (smishing) containing a malicious link.
• A spear phishing email targeting a company’s finance department.
• A phishing campaign delivering ransomware through attachments.
• A whaling attack impersonating a CEO to authorize fraudulent transfers.

Metrics

• Number of phishing emails detected and blocked.
• Click-through rate of phishing simulations in employee training.
• Time to detect (TTD) and time to respond (TTR) to phishing incidents.
• Financial losses attributed to phishing-related fraud.
• Percentage of staff completing phishing awareness training.

Issues

• Successful phishing compromises systems and exposes sensitive data.
• Can result in fraud, theft, or ransomware infections.
• Reduces customer trust if a business brand is impersonated.
• Legal and compliance consequences if breaches occur.
• Employee mistakes often bypass even advanced defenses.

Example

A multinational company was targeted by a spear phishing campaign impersonating its HR department. Employees received emails with a link to a fake login portal. Several credentials were stolen before IT detected the attack. After the incident, the company implemented mandatory MFA and employee training, reducing susceptibility to future phishing attempts.