Deep learning

Definition

Deep learning is a branch of machine learning that uses multi-layered neural networks to model and process complex patterns in data. Unlike traditional algorithms that rely on manual feature engineering, deep learning models automatically learn features from raw inputs such as images, audio, and text.

It powers many of today’s AI breakthroughs, from facial recognition and voice assistants to autonomous vehicles and advanced recommendation systems.

Advanced

At an advanced level, deep learning models are built from neural networks with many hidden layers, often requiring large datasets and high-performance computing resources. Techniques such as backpropagation, stochastic gradient descent, and regularisation are used to optimise training.

Specialised architectures include convolutional neural networks for image recognition, recurrent neural networks and transformers for sequential data, and generative adversarial networks for synthetic content creation. Advanced deployments often rely on GPUs, TPUs, and distributed training across cloud platforms.

Why it matters

• Automates feature extraction for complex tasks.
• Enables breakthroughs in vision, speech, and natural language.
• Drives innovation in healthcare, transportation, and entertainment.
• Helps businesses unlock insights from unstructured data.

Use cases

• Speech recognition for virtual assistants.
• Image analysis in medical diagnostics.
• Real-time translation in global communication apps.
• Generating synthetic media through generative models.

Metrics

• Model accuracy, precision, and recall on test datasets.
• Loss reduction during training.
• Training time and hardware efficiency.
• Generalisation performance across new data.

Issues

• Requires massive datasets and computing resources.
• Limited transparency raises explainability challenges.
• Prone to bias if trained on unbalanced data.
• Vulnerable to adversarial inputs and manipulation.

Example

An autonomous driving system uses deep learning to process images from cameras and detect pedestrians, traffic lights, and lane markings. This allows the vehicle to make real-time driving decisions safely and accurately.