HTTP

Definition
HTTP, or Hypertext Transfer Protocol, is the foundational protocol used for transmitting data between web browsers and servers. It defines how messages are formatted and exchanged, allowing users to request resources such as web pages, images, or APIs, and enabling servers to deliver those resources back to the client. HTTP operates as a stateless protocol, meaning each request is treated independently without memory of previous interactions.
Introduced in the early 1990s, HTTP has evolved to support modern web applications. Versions such as HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3 have improved performance, efficiency, and security. The protocol is essential for web browsing, application integrations, and digital transactions, making it one of the most critical standards underpinning the internet.
Advanced
At a technical level, HTTP operates on the application layer of the TCP/IP model. Clients send requests consisting of methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE), headers, and sometimes bodies, while servers respond with status codes, headers, and content. Statelessness is mitigated through mechanisms like cookies, sessions, and tokens to support persistent interactions such as logins and shopping carts.
HTTP/2 introduced multiplexing, header compression, and server push for faster page loads, while HTTP/3 leverages QUIC (UDP-based transport) for lower latency and improved reliability. Secure HTTP (HTTPS) encrypts communication using TLS, ensuring privacy and integrity of data in transit.
Why it matters
Use cases
Metrics
Issues
Example
An e-commerce site migrates from HTTP/1.1 to HTTP/2, reducing page load times by 30%. The upgrade enhances customer experience, decreases bounce rates, and improves conversion rates by supporting faster, more reliable connections.