Internet protocol security

Definition

Internet Protocol Security, commonly known as IPsec, is a framework of protocols designed to secure communication over IP networks. It authenticates and encrypts data packets, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity between devices. By operating at the network layer, IPsec protects all traffic that passes through an IP connection, regardless of the application.

For businesses, IPsec is critical in enabling secure site-to-site connections, remote access, and protected data exchanges. It is widely used in Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to secure sensitive communications across the internet or private networks.

Advanced

IPsec uses two main protocols: Authentication Header (AH) for data integrity and authentication, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) for encryption and confidentiality. Security associations (SAs) define the rules for communication between endpoints, managed through Internet Key Exchange (IKE).

It can operate in two modes. Transport mode secures only the data payload, leaving headers intact for routing, while tunnel mode encrypts both headers and payload, creating a virtual tunnel between endpoints. Advanced deployments may use IPsec alongside firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and multi-factor authentication for layered security.

Why it matters

• Protects sensitive business communications over untrusted networks.
• Ensures data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity.
• Enables secure VPN connections for remote workers.
• Supports compliance with data protection regulations.

Use cases

• Establishing secure site-to-site VPNs between corporate offices.
• Providing remote employees with encrypted VPN access.
• Securing communications for IoT devices and edge networks.
• Protecting sensitive government or financial data in transit.

Metrics

• VPN uptime and connection reliability.
• Encryption strength and algorithm usage.
• Latency and throughput of IPsec tunnels.
• Number of secure connections established.
• Audit logs of authentication and key exchanges.

Issues

• Improper configuration can leave traffic vulnerable.
• High encryption overhead may impact network performance.
• Compatibility issues across different vendors’ implementations.
• Requires ongoing updates to maintain cryptographic strength.

Example

A global law firm deploys IPsec VPN tunnels to connect regional offices securely. The setup ensures that sensitive case files and client communications remain protected while traveling over public internet connections, meeting compliance and security standards.