Progressive web app (PWA)

Definition

A progressive web app, or PWA, is a type of web application that uses modern web technologies to deliver an app-like experience through a browser. PWAs can be installed on a device, work offline, send push notifications, and load quickly, similar to native mobile apps.

The main advantage of a PWA is that it combines the reach of the web with the functionality of an app. Users do not need to download it from an app store, yet they still benefit from features such as responsive design, fast loading, and offline access.

Advanced

At an advanced level, PWAs are built using service workers, manifest files, and HTTPS to ensure security and offline functionality. Service workers enable caching strategies that allow apps to load even without a network connection. The web app manifest provides metadata for installation, including icons and splash screens.

PWAs leverage APIs for push notifications, geolocation, and device integration. They are supported by most major browsers and can be distributed without relying on app stores, reducing costs and increasing adoption.

Why it matters

• Provides mobile app functionality without app store limitations.
• Enhances user experience with fast, reliable, and engaging performance.
• Reduces development costs by unifying web and app platforms.
• Expands reach since users can access via a link instead of installation barriers.

Use cases

• E-commerce platforms that want app-like shopping experiences without downloads.
• News or media outlets offering offline reading.
• SaaS tools with mobile dashboards and offline data sync.
• Local businesses creating lightweight, installable apps for customers.

Metrics

• Page load speed and offline availability.
• User engagement through push notifications.
• Install-to-use rate for PWA adoption.
• Session length and repeat visits compared to mobile web.

Issues

• Limited access to some device hardware compared to native apps.
• Inconsistent support across all operating systems and browsers.
• Requires careful caching strategies to avoid outdated content.
• Branding visibility may be lower without an app store presence.

Example

A retail company develops a PWA for its online store. Customers can add the app to their home screens, browse products offline, and receive push notifications for discounts. The PWA increases mobile conversions by 20 percent while reducing the cost of maintaining separate iOS and Android apps.