Ethernet

Definition

Ethernet is a widely used networking technology that enables devices to communicate with each other over a local area network (LAN). It uses wired connections, typically through twisted-pair cables or fiber optics, to transmit data in the form of packets. Ethernet provides reliable, high-speed communication between computers, servers, switches, and other devices.

Originally developed in the 1970s, Ethernet has evolved into the dominant LAN technology, supporting speeds from 10 megabits per second (Mbps) to multiple gigabits and even terabits per second. It forms the backbone of enterprise networks, data centers, and home networks.

Advanced

Ethernet operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model, using MAC (Media Access Control) addresses to identify devices on the network. It employs protocols such as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) in older versions and full-duplex switching in modern networks to eliminate collisions and improve performance.

Advanced Ethernet standards include Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps), 10 Gigabit Ethernet, and 400 Gigabit Ethernet for data centers. Technologies like VLANs (Virtual LANs), Power over Ethernet (PoE), and Ethernet over fiber extend its functionality. Ethernet is also integral to software-defined networking (SDN) and industrial automation.

Why it matters

• Provides a reliable and scalable foundation for networking.
• Delivers high-speed data transfer for business-critical operations.
• Supports enterprise, cloud, and home networking environments.
• Ensures interoperability through industry standards (IEEE 802.3).
• Reduces latency for applications such as video conferencing and cloud services.

Use cases

• Enterprises using Ethernet to connect servers, desktops, and printers in offices.
• Data centers deploying high-speed Ethernet for storage and cloud workloads.
• Smart buildings powering devices such as cameras and access controls via PoE.
• Home networks connecting routers, PCs, and gaming systems.

Metrics

• Bandwidth capacity (Mbps, Gbps, Tbps).
• Latency and packet loss rates.
• Network uptime and availability.
• Throughput and utilization percentage.
• Error rates in transmitted and received packets.

Issues

• Physical cabling can be expensive and difficult to scale across large areas.
• Performance may degrade with outdated hardware or improper cabling.
• Vulnerable to physical tampering if not secured.
• Wireless technologies can reduce reliance on Ethernet in some environments.

Example

A multinational corporation upgraded its office infrastructure to 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The upgrade improved data transfer speeds between servers and employee devices, reduced latency in video meetings, and supported cloud-based applications more efficiently.